BUYBACK

BUYBACK

Introduction

The buying back of outstanding shares (repurchase) by a company in order to reduce the number of shares on the market. Companies will buyback shares either to increase the value of shares still available (reducing supply), or to eliminate any threats by shareholders who may be looking for a controlling stake. 

A buyback is a method for company to invest in itself since they can't own themselves. Thus, buybacks reduce the number of shares outstanding on the market which increases the proportion of shares the company owns. Buybacks can be carried out in two ways:

1. Shareholders may be presented with a tender offer whereby they have the option to submit (or tender) a portion or all of their shares within a certain time frame and at a premium to the current market price. This premium compensates investors for tendering their shares rather than holding on to them.
2. Companies buy back shares on the open market over an extended period of time. 
Objectives of Buy Back: Shares may be bought back by the company on account of one or more of the following reasons
i. To increase promoters holding
ii. Increase earning per share
iii. Rationalise the capital structure by writing off capital not represented by available assets.
iv. Support share value
v. To thwart takeover bid
vi. To pay surplus cash not required by business
Infact the best strategy to maintain the share price in a bear run is to buy back the shares from the open market at a premium over the prevailing market price.
Resources of Buy Back
A Company can purchase its own shares from
(i) free reserves; Where a company purchases its own shares out of free reserves, then a sum equal to the nominal value of the share so purchased shall be transferred to the capital redemption reserve and details of such transfer shall be disclosed in the balance-sheet or
(ii) securities premium account; or
(iii) proceeds of any shares or other specified securities. A Company cannot buyback its shares or other specified securities out of the proceeds of an earlier issue of the same kind of shares or specified securities.
Conditions of Buy Back
No company can purchase its own shares or other specified securities unless :-
(a) The buy-back is authorised by the Articles of association of the Company;(b) A special resolution has been passed in the general meeting of the company authorising the buy-back. In the case of a listed company, this approval is required by means of a postal ballot. Also, the shares for buy back should be free from lock in period/non transferability.The buy back can be made by a Board resolution If the quantity of buyback is or less than ten percent of the paid up capital and free reserves;(c) The buy-back is of less than twenty-five per cent of the total paid-up capital and fee reserves of the company and that the buy-back of equity shares in any financial year shall not exceed twenty-five per cent of its total paid-up equity capital in that financial year;(d) The ratio of the debt owed by the company is not more than twice the capital and its free reserves after such buy-back; (e) There has been no default in any of the following
i. in repayment of deposit or interest payable thereon,
ii. redemption of debentures, or preference shares or
iii. payment of dividend, if declared, to all shareholders within the stipulated time of 30 days from the date of declaration of dividend or
iv. repayment of any term loan or interest payable thereon to any financial institution or bank;
(f) There has been no default in complying with the provisions of filing of Annual Return, Payment of Dividend, and form and contents of Annual Accounts;
(g) All the shares or other specified securities for buy-back are fully paid-up;
(h) The buy-back of the shares or other specified securities listed on any recognised stock exchange shall be in accordance with the regulations made by the Securities and Exchange Board of India in this behalf; and
(i) The buy-back in respect of shares or other specified securities of private and closely held companies is in accordance with the guidelines as may be prescribed.
Disclosures in the explanatory statement
The notice of the meeting at which special resolution is proposed to be passed shall be accompanied by an explanatory statement stating -
(a) a full and complete disclosure of all material facts;
(b) the necessity for the buy-back;
(c) the class of security intended to be purchased under the buy-back;
(d) the amount to be invested under the buy-back; and
(e) the time-limit for completion of buy-back
Every buy-back must be completed within twelve months from the date of passing the special resolution.
Sources from where the shares will be purchased 
The securities can be bought back from
(a) existing security-holders on a proportionate basis;
Buyback of shares may be made by a tender offer through a letter of offer from the holders of shares of the company or
(b) the open market through
(i). book building process;
(ii) stock exchanges or
(c) odd lots, that is to say, where the lot of securities of a public company, whose shares are listed on a recognized stock exchange, is smaller than such marketable lot, as may be specified by the stock exchange; or
(d) purchasing the securities issued to employees of the company pursuant to a scheme of stock option or sweat equity.
Filing of Declaration of solvency
After the passing of resolution but before making buy-back, file with the Registrar and the Securities and Exchange Board of India a declaration of solvency in form 4A. The declaration must be verified by an affidavit to the effect that the Board has made a full inquiry into the affairs of the company as a result of which they have formed an opinion that it is capable of meeting its liabilities and will not be rendered insolvent within a period of one year of the date of declaration adopted by the Board, and signed by at least two directors of the company, one of whom shall be the managing director, if any:
No declaration of solvency shall be filed with the Securities and Exchange Board of India by a company whose shares are not listed on any recognized stock exchange.
Register of securities bought back
After completion of buyback, a company shall maintain a register of the securities/shares so bought and enter therein the following particulars
a. the consideration paid for the securities bought-back,
b. the date of cancellation of securities,
c. the date of extinguishing and physically destroying of securities and
d. such other particulars as may be prescribed
Where a company buys-back its own securities, it shall extinguish and physically destroy the securities so bought-back within seven days of the last date of completion of buy-back.
Issue of further shares after Buy back
Every buy-back shall be completed within twelve months from the date of passing the special resolution or Board resolution as the case may be.
A company which has bought back any security cannot make any issue of the same kind of securities in any manner whether by way of public issue, rights issue up to six months from the date of completion of buy back.
Filing of return with the Regulator
A Company shall, after the completion of the buy-back file with the Registrar and the Securities and Exchange Board of India, a return in form 4 C containing such particulars relating to the buy-back within thirty days of such completion.
No return shall be filed with the Securities and Exchange Board of India by an unlisted company.
Prohibition of Buy Back
A company shall not directly or indirectly purchase its own shares or other specified securities -
(a) through any subsidiary company including its own subsidiary companies; or
(b) through any investment company or group of investment companies; or
Procedure for buy back
a. Where a company proposes to buy back its shares, it shall, after passing of the special/Board resolution make a public announcement at least one English National Daily, one Hindi National daily and Regional Language Daily at the place where the registered office of the company is situated.
b. The public announcement shall specify a date, which shall be "specified date" for the purpose of determining the names of shareholders to whom the letter of offer has to be sent.
c. A public notice shall be given containing disclosures as specified in Schedule I of the SEBI regulations.
d. A draft letter of offer shall be filed with SEBI through a merchant Banker. The letter of offer shall then be dispatched to the members of the company.
e. A copy of the Board resolution authorising the buy back shall be filed with the SEBI and stock exchanges.
f. The date of opening of the offer shall not be earlier than seven days or later than 30 days after the specified date
g. The buy back offer shall remain open for a period of not less than 15 days and not more than 30 days.
h. A company opting for buy back through the public offer or tender offer shall open an escrow Account.

Here are the pros and cons of share buybacks:

• Pro: Since no money is sent to you, you are not taxed.

• Pro/con: The share repurchase reduces the number of shares circulating, thus increasing the value of the remaining shares. However, to realize this increased value, the market must reprice the remaining shares upwards. The passage of something of value to you is only theoretical unless and until this happens.

• Con: No money is sent to you. If you want the money represented by the increased value, you must sell some of your shares. The money you receive from the sale is then taxed at either the long-term or short-term capital gains rate (assuming that the sale is at a higher price than you originally paid for the shares). The federal long-term rate is 15%, the same as with dividends. The short-term rate is your marginal tax rate, which is probably higher.

• Con: Share repurchase programs are ''one-offs,'' not regular programs at most corporations. They are not predictable as to size or frequency.

• Con: Share repurchase programs are not monitored closely. Many of them are never completed after their initial announcement. Such failures are inconsistently reported in the financial press.

• Con: Many companies repurchase shares in order to pay off their executives (and other employees) on stock option grants. The executives turn around and sell the shares immediately, because they are part of their compensation package. Thus, the shares are not taken out of circulation at all, and other shares do not gain increased value as a larger piece of the pie. Share buybacks do not return ''something of value'' to the shareholders at all, but they are rather a compensation expense to the company. The executives, not the owners, are getting the money.

• Con: Often, share repurchase programs are announced when the stock's price is highest. That is because the program might be implemented in response to a burst in profits, which drove the share price higher in the market. It might also be because the company needs the shares now to pay off options which are being exercised-the timing of which the company cannot control.